Purpose :
To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or lurning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
Type of Narrative :
Adventure, mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction, dilemma stories, dialogue, myths, legends, fairy tales, fables.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Complication : a crisis arises.
Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
Re-orientation : optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus and specific and usually Individualized Participant.
Use of Material processes (and in this text, behavioual and verbal processes).
Use of Relational Processes and Mental Processes.
Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal Circumstances.
Use of past tense.
Example of Narrative Text :
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba lake.
“Recount”
Purpose :
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants.
Events : tell what happened, in what sequence.
Re-orientation : optional-closure of events.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on specific Participant.
Use of material processes.
Circumstances of time and place.
Use of past tense.
Focus on temporal sequence.
Example of Recount Text :
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.
“News Item”
Social Function :
To inform leaders, listeners or viewers about events the day which are consideren newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure :
Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the event in summary from.
Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources : comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
Use of Material Processes to retell the events
(in the text bellow, many of the Material Processes are nominalised).
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in sources stage.
Focus on Circumstances (e.g.mostly within qualifiers).
Example of News Item Text :
Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they know they have HIV” she said.
“Review”
Purpose :
To critique an art work, event for a public audience.
Such works of art include movies TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitons, concerts and ballets.
Generic Structure :
Orientation :
places the wook in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or through analogue with a non-art object or event.
Interpretive Recount summaries the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the wook came into being; is optional, but if present often recursive.
Evaluation :
provides an evaluation of the wook and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive.
Evaluative Summation :
provides a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewr’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on Particular Participant.
Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Ephitots in nominal groups; qualitative attributes and affective Mental Processes.
Use of elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to package the information.
Use of metaphorical language(e.g., The wit was there,dexterously ping ponged to and fro..).
Example of Review Text :
The story is told in first person from the perspective of Bella, so the reader only ever know what she knows, making Edward and his family a mystery that is slowly unravelled through out the book. Even by the end of the book I was still thirsting for more of the Cullen family back story - hopefully their characters might be developed further in future books. Bella herself is a well written and realistic character, shy and lacking in confidence, her sarcastic inner voice narrates the story for the reader.
Twilight is simply and yet beautifully written. The descriptions of Forks leave you feeling like you can almost smell the damp air and hear the rain falling on the roof.
The romance between Edward and Bella is both touching and compelling. There is a melancholic feel to their impossible love, yet at the same time they both are unwilling to give up hope that their relationship is not doomed. The book reaches a fever pitch of excitement as the romance between Bella and Edward turns into a frantic race to stay alive.
I have heard Twilight described as “a vampire story for people who don’t like vampire stories” and I think I would agree with that. This book really has something for everyone. Young adult readers, vampire fans or romance readers will all find Twilight to be an appealing story.
For a Young Adult novel the book is quite long but don’t let that put you off reading it because each page is to be savoured. Believe me, this is one book that you won’t want to end.
“Descriptive”
Purpose :
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure :
Identifications : identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description : describes parts qualities, characteristics.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on particular Participant.
Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of simple present tense.
Example of Descriptive Text :
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
“Report”
Purpose :
To describe the way things are, with reference to arange of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.
Generic Structure :
General classifications : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
Description tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) qulitifies, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on Generic Participant.
Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is.
Use of simple present tense (uniess extinct).
No temporal sequence.
Example of Report Text :
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy
“Explanation”
Purpose :
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure :
A general statement to position the readers.
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
Closing.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic, non-human Participants.
Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.
Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjuctions.
Some use of Passive voice to get theme right.
Red is more dominant than another color caused by having biggest wave between others. Therefore the red one is in the highest order and purple one is in lowest order. How rainbow is formed? Try to watch it when light of sun concerns a 90-degree angle mirror or a glass prism side, or surface of soap foam. We can see colors on the light. The light is rayyed to be some wave lenght of light that it is seen by our eyes as red, bright red, yellow, green, blue and purple. These colors are compnents of light that they are called visible light. The other component is invisible light such as infrared (red is in the right side), and ultraviolet (bright red is in the left side).
So, we can see the beautiful rainbow because there are some processes to be beautiful rainbow that it appears in the sky.
“Procedure”
Purpose :
To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
Generic Structure :
Goal
Material (not required for all procedural texts).
Step 1-n (i.e. Goal followed by a series of steps oriented to achieving the Goal)
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generalized human agents.
Use of simple present tense, often Imperative.
Use mainly of temporal conjuctions (or numbering to indicate sequence).
Use mainly of Material Processes.
The Procedure of Making Meatballs
What you need for the ingredients
1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
2 eggs
300 grams of tapioca-flour
4-8 cloves of garlic
1 red onion
1 teaspoon of white peppe
2 teaspoons of salt
First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.
Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.
“Analytical”
Purpose :
To persuade the reader or listener that somethings the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis
Position : introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
Arguments
Point : reslates main arguments outlined in Preview.
Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
Reiteration : reslates writer’s position
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use simple present tense.
Use of Relational Processes.
Use of internal conjunction to state argument
Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.
In terms of health, many organs in our body can be harm because using drug. In general, the impact of using drug are can unconscious, make us hallucinate, can harm our nerve, and cause addictive effect. Beside that, using drugs can make the users depressed, liver disease, schizophrenia, blockage of blood vessels, dehydration, optic nerve damage, brain damage, and finally it can cause DEATH!
When viewed in terms of Islamic law, drugs are forbidden. Because it is cause badness, self harm, debilitate. And Islam proscribes all that can cause badness, self harm because it is included zhalim. Also if we using drugs, it means we already do the forbidden things in Islam, it means we sin. So, in terms of Islamic law, using drugs also dangerous.
Furthermore, if the users of drugs are teenagers, it can endanger their future, and endanger their homeland, their country. From the data, 32 percent of drugs users in Indonesia are teenagers, so, if many teenagers –in this case Indonesia- use drugs, it can be endanger this country, harm youth generation, whereas youths are nation expectation. If the youth using drugs, our nation can be destroy!
So, from now on we must pay attention of drugs, because it’s very dangerous, both in terms of health, religion (Islam), nationality and state
“Hortatory”
Purpose :
To persuade the readers or listener that somethings should or should not be the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis : announcement of issue concern.
Arguments : reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants, except for speaker or writers referring to self.
Use of :
Mental Processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g. realize, feel, appreciate.
Material Processes : to state what happens e.g., is polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated.
Relational Processes : to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn’t seem to have been, is.Use of simple
present tense
Example of Hortatory Text :
We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.
Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider’s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.
Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others, it means a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.
However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort.
“Discussion”
Purpose :
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’).
Generic Structure :
Issue.
Statement.
Preview.
Arguments for and against or statement of differing points of view.
Point.
Elaboration .
Conclusion or Recommendation.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use of :
Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed.
Relational Processes, e.g., is could have, cause, are.
Mental Processes, e.g. feel
Use of Comperative : contrastive and Consequential cinjunctions.
Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns(abstraction).
Example of Discussion Text :
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
* It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
* It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
* It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
* It produces small amount of waste.
* It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990′s nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Spoof Text
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily.“It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”
(From: English New Concept)
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation: introducing a writes as point of view “I” which is in a theatre last week
Event 1: the other theatregoers, young man and young woman, were talking noisily.
Event 2: the writer used physical language by turning around to the young man and young woman talk to not to make noisy.
Event 3: the write used verbal language by saying “I could not hear a word”.
Twister: the young man misunderstood the writer’s word and said; “It’s none of your business. It’s a private conversation”.
“Anecdote Text”
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
The young husband clearly loved to cook and the dinners he served his new wife convinced her that she was indeed a lucky woman.
One thing puzzled her, though, and at last she decided to enquire. “Oh, my dear. Why do you always cut a smal piece off the end of the roast before you put it into the oven?”
“Well, to tell the truth. I do it because my mother always does it,” he replied.
At the next family gathering, the wife decided to satisfy her curiosity. She drew her mother in law aside and put the question to her. The older woman went a bit red, and replied, “Well, to tell the truth, I do it because my mother always does it.”
Undaunted, the wife waited until they paid a visit to eighty years old Nan. Knowing she’d enjoy hearing the story, she told her about her persevering quest to find the answer to the chopped off roast.
“Incredible,” she croacked. “Imagine the two of them doing that!. ”Why, I only cut the piece off because my pan was too small.”
0 comments:
Posting Komentar
Sara Jorok Spam ma'af , Saya Hapus